![]() ![]() Nowadays, that number is only about 17% and there is an ongoing controversy within the industry on whether females have an interest and/or innate ability for coding. In fact, until the 1970’s coding was seen as a women’s job, and as recently as the mid 1980’s, nearly 40% of computer science graduates were female. The first modern computer language and compiler were developed by Grace Hopper, while another female programmer, Evelyn Berezin, developed the first mainstream word processor and the world’s first computerized airline reservation system. female mathematicians programmed the ENIAC and the UNIVAC. During World War II, female mathematicians programmed the computers used for code-breaking at Bletchley Park in Britain, and U.S. The first recorded computer algorithm was written by Ada Lovelace. While nowadays female representation is remarkably low, there is clear evidence of early contributions by women to computer science. A particularly striking example is the computer software industry. ![]() Still, most fields struggle to reach gender parity. These trends are significant because the absence of women in leadership positions was reported to have a negative impact on women’s aspirations and advancement and may perpetuate gender biases. Indeed, the proportion of women faculty members in many STEM fields has been steadily increasing, as has the number of females in corporate suites and in political office. Recent research shows that more gender-balanced groups are better at complex decision-making and that females show less self-interest and are better at complex moral reasoning than males. Gender diversity is increasingly regarded as a desirable condition by educational, business, and governmental organizations. įunding: JAGM thanks Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia for grant SFRH-BD-76115-2011, LANA thanks Department of Defense’s Army Research Office for grant 281 W911NF-14-1-0259, the John Templeton Foundation for Award FP053369-A//39147 and the John and Leslie McQuown Gift.Ĭompeting interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.ĭata Availability: The datasets analyzed in this study are available as Supporting Information files and at. Received: NovemAccepted: FebruPublished: April 1, 2020Ĭopyright: © 2020 Amaral et al. Institute for Advanced Sustainability Studies, GERMANY While in no way demonstrating causality, our findings add new perspectives to the discussions of the reasons for female under-representation in fields such as computer science and medicine, that have also experienced dramatic changes in female representation.Ĭitation: Amaral LAN, Moreira JAG, Dunand ML, Tejedor Navarro H, Lee HA (2020) Long-term patterns of gender imbalance in an industry without ability or level of interest differences. We find robust, strong, and significant associations which are consistent with an important role for the gender of decision makers on the gender balance of other industry functions. In order to explore some possible mechanisms behind these patterns, we investigate the association between the gender balance of actors, writers, directors, and producers and a number of economic indicators, movie industry indicators, and movie characteristics. Female representation among actors, directors, producers and writers dropped to extraordinarily low values during the emergence and consolidation of the Studio System that in some cases have not yet recovered to pre-Studio System levels. Our analyses reveals a remarkable temporal coincidence between the collapse in female representation across all functions and the advent of the Studio System, a period when the major Hollywood studios controlled all aspects of the industry. Here, we study the historical patterns of female representation among actors, directors, and producers in an attempt to gain insights into the possible causes of the lack of gender parity in the industry. One sector where one would expect to see gender parity is the movie industry, yet the representation of females in most functions within the U.S. Female representation has been slowly but steadily increasing in many sectors of society. ![]()
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